The Author: Adjunct Professor Rod Crompton is the Director of the African Energy Leadership Centre at Wits Business School. He is an Eskom non-executive director.

Eskom is by far the largest of South Africa’s many state owned companies. This near monopoly power utility is in crisis. It is the single largest threat to South Africa’s economy, according to a former Minister of Finance.

How is power generated and distributed in South Africa?

Electricity markets in most countries consist of three parts: generation, transmission and distribution.

Most electricity is generated by using heat to boil water to create steam which in turn spins a turbine that generates electricity.

South Africa’s cheap and abundant coal resources made coal-generated electricity an obvious choice for many years. Initially power stations were owned by municipalities and large mining and industrial concerns. But as the costs of recapitalisation emerged, government was persuaded to take over responsibility for power. Eskom grew to be the 8th largest power utility in the world, famous for its ability to handle vast tonnages of low grade coal. Eskom accounts for over 90% of power generating capacity. Mostly coal with one nuclear station and some pumped storage (water). Only a few minor power generators remained outside Eskom’s fold.

More recently, international climate change pressure caused government to introduce renewable power generation through bidding rounds. These private investors were given 20 year price guarantees underwritten by government – some at exorbitant prices. Nevertheless, as these technologies became more globally popular, some of them - solar (photo voltaic) and wind power -  emerged as the lowest cost generators.

All power generation is tied into Eskom’s national transmission grid that moves electricity from generation stations to demand areas. Transmission is a natural monopoly. If you want to use the transmission grid you need Eskom’s permission.

Transmission lines end where high voltage power is stepped down to distribution networks until it reaches residential customers – at 220 volts. In many areas Eskom sells to municipal distributors.

Eskom is a vertically integrated near monopoly responsible for generation, transmission and distribution.

Is this monopoly situation unusual in the 21st century?

In many countries competition between power generators has been encouraged to drive down prices. Transmission, being a natural monopoly, remains just that; but like toll roads they are open to all who obey the “road rules” and pay the toll. The same goes for distribution to a lesser extent.

What’s the trouble with Eskom?

Eskom has two major problems. Its operating costs are too high and it can’t pay its debts. It owes over R400 billion and does not generate enough cash to pay even the interest on its debts. It has reached the end of the road. Eskom has been getting steep tariff increases in recent years but these have driven some customers off-grid and shut others down. Eskom’s sales have been declining by about 1% per annum. The less it sells, the higher the tariff it wants, and the less it sells –hence,  the utility death spiral.

How did it get here?

The main cause of Eskom’s troubles is its decision to build two of the biggest coal fired generating plants in the world (Medupi and Kusile). They are running way behind schedule and way over budget and the bits that are complete don’t work properly. They are probably the single largest disaster in South Africa’s economic history.

‘State capture’ (patronage networks), corruption and poor management have led to over staffing and neglected maintenance resulting in constant breakdowns.  Electricity theft, a culture of non-payment and defaulting municipalities have deepened the crisis. Eskom is owed over R30 billion.

What are the answers? 

Eskom needs to simultaneously reduce operating costs, increase tariffs and shed a big chunk of debt. There is no painless way for South Africans to deal with their Eskom crisis.

President Cyril Ramaphosa appointed a team of advisers and announced during his State of the Nation Address in February that Eskom is to be split into three subsidiaries: generation, transmission and distribution . This has been a government policy since 1998, and should increase cost and debt transparency and may lead to increased efficiencies, especially if competition is allowed. Ramaphosa has hinted that Eskom will be allowed invest in renewables possibly to absorb surplus staff and avoiding retrenchments so vehemently opposed by the unions. Some think this is too little too late. He passed the debt hot potato to the Minister of Finance’s Budget Speech on 20th February. Eskom was allocated R23bn a year for three years. Unfortunately, that won’t be enough.

Energy Minister Radebe said Eskom must prepare for increased competition presumably in generation. The transmission network needs to be opened to allow this.

The courts have stopped Eskom from switching off defaulting municipalities. Eskom’s crisis gets worse every day. Government will have to sort out municipal non-payment or allow towns and cities to go dark, or let Eskom collapse.

Until the President’s statement earlier this year, government seemed paralysed. Will words turn into the effective action that’s needed to save South Africa from its power utility?